22^nd World Congress on Advances in Gastroenterology and Urology August 17-18, 2020 Tokyo, Japan

Gastroenterology is the field of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, which include the organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal, are the focus of this speciality. Physicians practicing in this field are called gastroenterologists. A gastroenterologist should understand the normal physiology of the alimentary canal organs in order to continue healthy digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste for further metabolic processes. Gastroenterology branch includes the normal function and diseases of the oesophagus, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts, liver stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum.

Pediatric Gastroenterology concerned with treating the gastrointestinal tract disorders of infants until age eighteen. Diseases concerned with are acute diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, gastritis, and problems with the development of the gastric tract. Pediatric gastroenterology has grown greatly in North America and Europe. A Pediatrician can provide treatment to many gastric diseases, but chronic diseases, related with the nutrition of the children, the pancreas or the liver needs to be treated by a specialist.

Neuro-gastroenterology mainly focuses on the functions, malfunctions, and the malformations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the digestive tract. Neuro-gastroenterology is the study of the gut nerve and muscle physiology and morphology, and its interactions with the nervous system, the brain, hormones, neurotransmitters, pharmacology. Neuro-gastroenterology includes various sub disciplines that focus on the sensory neurobiology, motor function,  gut and brain interactions as well as the understanding and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Stomach related framework surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery, can be partitioned into upper gastrointestinal surgery and lower gastrointestinal surgery. Upper gastrointestinal surgery, regularly alluded to as upper gastrointestinal surgery, alludes to a routine with regards to surgery that spotlights on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Lower gastrointestinal surgery incorporates colorectal surgery and surgery of the small digestive system.

The new age of nanotechnology has signalled a stream of entrepreneurial possibilities in various areas, form industry to medicine. Drug delivery has benefited the most by introducing nanostructured systems in the transport and controlled release of therapeutic molecules at targeted sites associated with a particular disease. The well-characterized antimicrobial activities of numerous nanoparticles are currently being considered as a reliable and efficient alternative to the eminent world crisis in antimicrobial drug discovery. Drug loads can be delivered directly to the site of action, which can result in a reduction in incidence and severity of adverse systemic effects. The well-characterized antimicrobial activities of numerous nanoparticles are currently being considered as a reliable and efficient alternative to the eminent world crisis in antimicrobial drug discovery. Various applications of the most recently developed nanomaterials that have tremendous potential for the detection and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology related to the basic science underlying digestive diseases and gastrointestinal cell biology, with particular emphasis on technological and thematic innovations in the field. Metaplasia, the procedure in which one kind of grown-up tissue replaces another, is a result of endless tissue injury. In the throat, gastroesophageal reflux sickness (GERD) is the condition that incessantly harms the squamous epithelium and causes its substitution by the intestinal-sort, columnar epithelium of Barrett's oesophagus. The cell of beginning for this columnar metaplasia stays obscure, yet various competitors have been proposed. For instance, GERD may cause develop oesophageal squamous cells to change into columnar cells (trans differentiation) or invigorate juvenile oesophageal forebear cells (in the squamous epithelium or in the channels of oesophageal submucosal organs) to separate unusually into Short-entrails disorder (SBS) happens after a long surgical resection of small digestive system.

The function of the gastrointestinal system is to process nutrients and energy from food and fluids that you ingest. To do this, the gastrointestinal system first needs to break foods down or 'digest' them into their simplest forms. The process of digestion breaks starch and sugars from carbohydrate-rich foods such as bread, potatoes and pasta into simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. In people with Gastrointestinal Disorders, these functions are impaired. Digestion of foods can be reduced, so fewer nutrients are converted into a usable form. The symptoms of the presence of a digestive disease are bloody stool, constipation, abdominal cramps, weight loss, heartburn, pale skin or yellowish skin.

The bacterial cells harboured within the human gastrointestinal tract outnumber the host’s cells by a factor of 10 and the genes encoded by the bacteria resident within the gastrointestinal tract outnumber their host’s genes by more than 100 times. These human digestive-tract associated microbes are referred to as the gut microbiome. The human gut microbiome and its role in both health and disease has been the subject of extensive research, establishing its involvement in human metabolism, nutrition, physiology, and immune function.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Gastroenterology involves comprehensive detection, treatment and management options for patients with acute and chronic gastrointestinal conditions. Gastrointestinal diseases are at an all-time high. According to various studies, 1 in 4 people is suffering from at least one of the gastrointestinal infections at any given point in time. The gastrointestinal diseases require treatment and the pharmacological treatment are divided into 2 categories- the prescription drugs and Over the Counter (OTC) drugs. Gastrointestinal drugs are prescribed based on the diagnostic results yielded during the haematological or imaging tests. The most common diagnosis is done through endoscopy.

Gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as the "stomach flu, include combination of diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur. This typically lasts less than two weeks. Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within one to three days after you're infected and can range from mild to severe Gastroenteritis can be due to infections by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungus. The most common cause is viruses. In children rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease.  .Gastroenteritis basically occurs due to eating improperly prepared foods, drinking contaminated water, or through close contact with an individual who is already infected. Treatment initially consists of self-care measures.

Gastrointestinal tract, including the liver and pancreas, is a complex system whose function is to process a wide range of nutrient and other products enabling their absorption as well as detoxification and excretion. During the process, food is converted into energy and into other substances that are used by cells throughout the entire body. Many diseases can affect the various organs of the gastrointestinal system and diet plays a relatively minor role in the onset of such gastrointestinal diseases. Gastrointestinal disease many result from deficiency or excess of specific nutrients in normal individuals. In allergic or susceptible subjects, diseases such as food allergy, disaccharides intolerance and gluten sensitive enteropathy may occur with intake of normal daily requirements. It is also vital to understand the role of obesity and common eating disorders in regards to gastroenterology as well as the techniques of enteral and parenteral nutrition support.

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms refers to the group of cancers that affect the digestive system which includes cancers of the oesophagus, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, bowel and anus. Symptoms of Gastrointestinal cancer related to the organ affected and can cause difficulty in swallowing or defecating, abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal tumours usually requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. Treatment for Gastrointestinal cancer will depend on the type of cancer, the stage or its development, and other health factors. Treatment commonly includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The treatment depends on the location of the tumour, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common form of cancer. More than 24,000 Australians are diagnosed with it each year and 33 Australians die of it each day. Gastrointestinal cancers do not discriminate between men and women.

Organ Transplantation is a boon to the mankind whose internal organs have started to deteriorate and is no longer functioning. Although, with the regular lifestyle changes and the disease progression, the patients requiring transplant is ever increasing while the organ donors are lesser in number. Organ Transplantation is suggested only when the organ has stopped responding to the treatments and is almost failing. Most of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract can be transplanted. For being eligible to be able to receive a transplanted organ, one should be able to satisfy all the required regulations set by the transplantation committee.

The study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as diagnosis and treatment of their disorders. More than two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some point in their life, and approximately 350 million have become persistent carriers. Over two billion individuals have been infected with hepatitis B at some point and around 350 million people are persistent carriers.  Hepatitis affects millions of individuals and is associated with several poor outcomes including liver transplant and liver cancer. Approximately 80% of liver cancers can be attributed to either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. With more wide spread implementation of vaccination and strict screening before blood transfusion, lower infection rates are expected in the future.

A urinary tract infection naturally occurs when bacteria pass in the urinary tract through the urethra and initiate to growth in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic interlopers, these defenses sometimes fail. When that occurs, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very predominantly in women, babies and older people. Around one in two women and one in 20 men will get a UTI in their lifetime.

This session is devoted to discussing a condition of the bladder, because of which one is unable to start urination, or if started is unable to completely empty the bladder. Urinary retention is more common in men than women. Treatment differs for acute and chronic urinary retention. Some of the most common causes of non-obstructive urinary retention are: Stroke, Vaginal childbirth, Pelvic injury or trauma, Impaired muscle or nerve function due to medication or anesthesia. Accidents that injure the brain or spinal cord. Obstructive retention may result from: Cancer, Kidney or bladder stones, Enlarged prostate (BPH) in men.

A kidney stone or a tumour may block urine flow and cause pain. Under such times, urinary tract imaging helps the doctors to diagnose the disease. Here we are to discuss the imaging of the two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra which comprises of the Urinary Tract. Interstitial cystitis (IC) may be treated with lifestyle changes, bladder training, physical therapy, medicines, bladder hydrodistension, bladder instillation, surgery, or a combination of these treatments

The urologists bid minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery for several urological diseases including prostate cancer, kidney obstruction, and bladder reconstruction. Robotic-assisted surgery provides parallel benefits in children with a short period of time and improved therapies. Robotic surgery enables urological surgeons to perform more precise operation than conventional surgery.

Excessive minerals accumulate to form stones in the inner lining of the Kidney which are known as Kidney stones. They usually consist of calcium oxalate but may be composed of several other compounds. Kidney stones can grow to the size of a golf ball while maintaining a sharp, crystalline structure. The stones may be small and pass unnoticed through the urinary tract, but they can also cause extreme pain as they leave the body. Kidney stones are very commonly found in Americans. Minimally invasive treatments are found effective for Kidney stones. All the factors can be discussed in this session.

Kidney cancer is a disease that starts in the kidneys. Renal cell cancer (renal cell carcinoma or RCC) is a disease that occurs when certain kidney cells become malignant or cancerous and grow out of control, forming a tumor in one or both kidneys. The renal cancer cells may spread to other areas of the body. The incidence of urinary organ cancer appears to be increasing. Smoking and misuse of certain analgesics will influence the danger of nephritic cell cancer or nephritic pathological process. Signs of renal cell cancer seize blood within the feces and lump within the abdomen

Kidney stones and urinary tract infections can usually be treated successfully. Unfortunately, the exact causes of some kidney diseases are still unknown, and specific treatments are not yet available for them. Sometimes, chronic kidney disease may progress to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Treating high blood pressure with special medications called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors often helps to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. A great deal of research is being done to find more effective treatment for all conditions that can cause chronic kidney disease.

Renal dialysis is a procedure that is a supernumerary for many normal functions of the kidney. Dialysis consents people with kidney failure a chance to live productive lives. There are primarily two types of dialysis: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is the process of purification of the blood of a person whose kidneys does not function properly. Peritoneal dialysis customs the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and a cleaning solution (dialysate) used to clean blood.

Renal health is essential for the human body to function properly. Removal of wastes from the body is done by the renal system, without which other body functions gets affected. Treatment options vary, depending on the cause. But kidney damage can continue to worsen even when an underlying condition, such as high blood pressure, has been controlled. Treatments may include: Medications to High blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, treat anaemia etc. Treatment for end-stage kidney disease includes Dialysis and Kidney transplantation

The leading causes of Infertility are endometriosis, polycystic ovary disorder (PCOS), tubal blockage and progressed maternal age that influences egg amount/quality. It is a condition that affects approximately 1 out of every 6 couples. It affects an estimated 48 million women, with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting people in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Reproductive dysfunction and malignancies related to the male reproductive system also deals with a serious health concern. Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. In humans it accounts for 40–50% of infertility. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.

Bladder cancer treatment may include: Surgery, to remove cancerous tissue. Chemotherapy in the bladder (intravesical chemotherapy), to treat tumours that are confined to the lining of the bladder but have a high risk of recurrence or progression to a higher stage

A slow progressing form of cancer in men is the Prostate cancer. It is when a tumour develops in the Prostate gland of men. With most causes unknown, Prostate cancer risk increases with age and family history of Prostate cancer. Prostate cancer that's more advanced may cause signs and symptoms such as: Trouble urinating, decreased force in the stream of urine, Blood in semen, Discomfort in the pelvic area, Bone pain, Erectile dysfunction etc. The PSA blood test checks the amount of prostate-specific antigen that’s in your blood. If the levels are high, this could mean you have prostate cancer.

Surgery involves the removal of the prostate and some surrounding healthy tissue during an operation. The type of surgery depends on the stage of the disease, the man’s overall health, and other factors. Surgical options include: Radical (open) prostatectomy, Robotic or laparoscopic prostatectomy and Bilateral orchiectomy. Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. A doctor who specializes in giving radiation therapy to treat cancer is called a radiation oncologist. External-beam radiation therapy, Brachytherapy, Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and Proton therapy

The world of medicine keeps changing. New diseases erupt every day. It is essential to keep in pace with the recent advancements. Hence this session is dedicated to discussing and debate the recent advancements in the field of Urology.