Advances in Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy

An endoscopy may help your doctor determine what's causing digestive signs and symptoms, like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing and gastrointestinal bleeding. Scopes have a small camera attached to an extended , thin tube. The doctor moves it through a body passageway or opening to ascertain inside an organ. Sometimes scopes are used for surgery, like for removing polyps from the colon.

• Arthroscopy: joints


• Bronchoscopy: lungs


• Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: large intestine


• Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy: urinary system


• Laparoscopy: abdomen or pelvis


• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: esophagus and stomach

Patients who have esophagus are at a greater risk for developing ulcers, narrowing and cancer of the esophagus. They also have increased risk of developing a specific type of cancer: esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is affecting more and more people every year. It is the fastest rising cancer in Caucasian men in the United States. Treatment for esophagus and early esophageal cancer can be achieved through endoscopy thus saving the esophagus from major surgery. Unfortunately, in most patients the cancer is discovered at a late stage, which is why it is important to have an endoscopy to screen for the precursor lesions and have a biopsy of sample tissue.

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)


• Weight loss without trying


• Chest pain, pressure or burning


• Worsening indigestion or heartburn


• Coughing or hoarseness

structural diseases of the intestinal tract, are maladies that have produced multiple symptoms of pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficult passage of food or feces. Although structural diseases are often identified by pathologists and sometimes cured by medical technology, the nonstructural symptoms that we describe as “functional” remain enigmatic and fewer amenable to explanation or effective treatment. Often considered “problems of living,” there are physiological, intrapsychic, and sociocultural factors that amplify perception of those symptoms in order that they are experienced as severe, troublesome, or threatening, with subsequent impact on daily life activities. Those affected by such symptoms attribute them to an illness and self-treat or seek medical aid.

• Acid Reflux, Heartburn, GERD.


• Dyspepsia/Indigestion.


• Nausea and Vomiting.


• Peptic Ulcer Disease.


• Abdominal Pain Syndrome.


• Belching, Bloating, Flatulence.

In addition, the liver detoxifies potentially harmful substances, for example alcohol prevents their accumulation in the body. Thus, maintaining a healthy liver is a prerequisite for preserving overall body homeostasis. A well-balanced diet, generally defined as a diet which is low in fat, sugar, and salt and high in fiber, is important to reduce the metabolic burden on the liver. Choosing a diet from a wide range of foods is essential to ensure that the body is providing all essential nutrients

• Autoimmune Hepatitis.


• Biliary Atresia.


• Cirrhosis.


• Crigler-Najjar Syndrome. 

The pancreas and bile duct (biliary) systems together form an important part of the digestive system. The pancreas and liver produce juices (pancreatic juice and bile) which help in the process of digestion (i.e. the breakdown of foods into parts which can be absorbed easily and used by the body). Conditions affecting the pancreas and biliary tract can be life threatening and often difficult to diagnose. The finding of decreased gall bladder emptying at cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy is the only objective characteristic of gall bladder dysfunction.

• Abdominal swelling


• Diarrhea, especially with fat droplets in the stools


• Gas, hiccups and belching


• Itchy skin


• Jaundice—a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes

Pathology is the study of anatomical features, such as tissue removed from the body, or even an entire body in the case of an autopsy, to diagnose and increase knowledge of disease. Anatomical pathology can include looking at cells under a microscope, but it also involves looking at organs in general (e.g. a ruptured spleen). It also includes investigation of the chemical properties of cells, and their immunological markers. It comprises a knowledge and understanding of functional and structural changes in disease states, from the molecular level, right up to the effects on the patient and hence is important in providing the link between basic biologic as well as environmental sciences and the practice of medicine

• Gastrointestinal Cancer: Treatment & Management

Bariatric surgical operation is a weight loss surgery consists of an expansion of tactics accomplished to the humans who have obesity. Weight loss is finished with the aid of lowering the scale of the stomach with a gastric band or through elimination of a part of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal transfer) or by means of resecting and re-routing the small gut to a small belly pouches (gastric skip surgery).

• Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)


• Gastric bypass (Roux-en-Y)


• Sleeve gastrectomy

Gastrointestinal oncology cancer is the most common cancer in the world. It is also called gastric cancer. It refers to malignant conditions of gastrointestinal GI Cancer is the most common form of cancer. The treatment of GI Cancer depends on the type of cancer, its stage, and expansion. There numerous types of GI cancer such as liver cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, Biliary tract cancer and various.

• Esophageal Neoplasms


• Gastric Neoplasms


• Gastrointestinal Lymphoma


• Carcinoid Tumors

Pediatric Gastroenterology is subjected with treating the GIT, liver and pancreas of children from infancy until adulthood. Testing is performed the usage of PH Probes, Liver Biopsies, Breath Test, Endoscopic Procedure. The important purpose of the take a look at of pediatric gastroenterology is to lower infant and toddler rate of deaths, manipulate the unfold of infectious ailment, and promote healthful.

• Pediatric Diabetes


• Peptic Ulcers


• Peristaltic Reflex


• Portal Hypertension


• Portal Vein Embolization

Most colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers start in cells that make mucus to lubricate the inside of the colon and rectum. When doctors talk about colorectal cancer, they're almost always talking about this type. Some sub-types of adenocarcinoma, such as signet ring and mucinous, may have a worse prognosis (outlook) than other subtypes of adenocarcinoma. The colon absorbs water and salt from the remaining food matter after it goes through the small intestine (small bowel). For colorectal cancer, this generally includes a surgeon, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and a gastroenterologist. A gastroenterologist is a doctor who specializes in the function and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

• Laparoscopic surgery


• Colostomy for rectal cancer


• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or cryoablation

The digestive system made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), liver, pancreas, and gallbladder helps the body digest food. Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which your body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Some digestive diseases and conditions are acute, lasting only a short time, while others are chronic, or long-lasting. Common digestive problems include heartburn. Symptoms may include bloating, diarrhea, gas, stomach pain, and stomach cramps. Treatment includes a combination of medication and lifestyle changes.

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease


• Chronic Diarrhea


• Gastroenteritis

Diverticulosis is a condition that occurs when small pouches, or sacs, form and push outward through weak spots in the wall of your colon. These pouches are most common in the lower part of your colon, called the sigmoid colon. One pouch is called a diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticular. Most people with diverticulosis do not have symptoms or problems. When diverticulosis does cause symptoms or problems, doctors call this diverticular disease. For some people, diverticulosis causes symptoms such as changes in bowel movement patterns or pain in the abdomen. Diverticulosis may also cause problems such as diverticular bleeding and diverticulitis

• colonoscopy to examine the inside of your GI tract


• stool test to check for infections, such as Clostridium difficile


• urine test to check for infections


• blood tests to check for signs of inflammation, anemia, or kidney or liver problems


• pelvic exam to rule out gynecological problems in women

Gastrointestinal disorders and diseases are at an all-time high. According to various studies, 1 in 4 people is suffering from at least one of the gastrointestinal infections at any given point in time. The gastrointestinal diseases require treatment and the pharmacological treatment are divided into 2 categories- the prescription drugs and Over the Counter (OTC) drugs. Gastrointestinal drugs are prescribed based on the diagnostic results yielded during the hematological or imaging tests. The most common diagnosis is done through endoscopy. The therapies are recommended based on

• gastrointestinal tract disorders


• gastrointestinal tract walls disorders


• gastrointestinal motility disorders


• gastrointestinal cancers     

Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic symptom of mucous damage it is caused due to entry of acid from stomach into the esophagus. The esophagus is a long tube of muscle that runs from mouth to the stomach. Normally once the food is chewed, it goes from mouth to the esophagus and then into the stomach, where it is mixed with the acidic gastric juice for digestion. The esophagus and the stomach are separated by a sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter), which is a band of muscular fibers that close the valve in order to prevent the food or gastric acids from going back to the esophagus.

Diet and lifestyle choices may make acid reflux worse if you already have it:

• Smoking


• Certain foods and drinks, including chocolate and fatty or fried foods, coffee, and alcohol


• Large meals


• Eating too soon before bed


• Certain medications, including aspirin

Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swellings containing enlarged blood vessels that are found inside or around the bottom (the rectum and anus). In many cases, hemorrhoids do not cause symptoms, and some people do not even realize they have them. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include: bleeding after passing a stool (the blood is usually bright red), itchy bottom, a lump hanging down outside of the anus, which may need to be pushed back in after passing a stool, a mucus discharge after passing a stool soreness, redness and swelling around your anus.

• internal haemorrhoids – found inside the rectum. They are painless but tend to bleed.


• prolapsed haemorrhoids – a more severe and painful form of internal haemorrhoids. ...


• external haemorrhoids – are like small haemorrhages (bleeds) under the skin around the anus

Gastroenterology has risen up out of the woodlands of medicinal claims to fame just in the course of recent years. It is Because of monstrous change in the field of finding and treatment. Gastroenterology has experienced twofold parting into hepatology and "empty organ" gastroenterology. Developments in colorectal disease screening, case endoscopy, solutions for hepatitis C and new biologic treatments are a portion of the ongoing advances in gastroenterology.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]

• Rectoscopy


• Colonoscopy


• Enteroscopy


• Benefits and risk factors of Surgical endoscopy

Bleeding may occur anywhere along the digestive (gastrointestinal [GI]) tract, from the mouth to the anus. Blood may be easily seen by the naked eye (overt), or blood may be present in amounts too small to be visible (occult). Occult bleeding is detected only by testing a stool specimen with special chemicals. Blood may be visible in vomit (hematemesis), which indicates the bleeding is coming from the upper GI tract, usually from the esophagus, stomach or the first part of the small intestine. When blood is vomited, it may be bright red if bleeding is brisk and ongoing. Alternatively, vomited blood may have the appearance of coffee grounds. It results from bleeding that has slowed or stopped, and the blood looks like coffee grounds because it has been partially digested by acid in the stomach.

A gastrointestinal bleed can cause:

• Shock


• Anemia


• Death

Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can then spread to other areas of the body. The cancer can form a mass or ulcer within the stomach or it can spread diffusely throughout the entire wall of the stomach. Stomach cancer is also called gastric cancer. Stomach cancer is commonly found in people aged between 50 and 70 years of age. It is more common in men. Treatment options are available for treating gastrointestinal cancers are Surgery, Radiotherapy, and Chemotherapy.

• Upper digestive tract


• Lower digestive tract


• Field defects

Unlike disease, there are not any gastrointestinal diseases specifically caused by pregnancy. However, pregnancy may complicate most gastrointestinal diseases, particularly gastroesophageal reflux and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms are extremely common within the pregnant patient. Symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia occur in 50–90% of all patients.1 Most of these symptoms are a manifestation of normal altered physiology during which changes occur both functionally and anatomically.

• Nausea and vomiting


• Hyperimisis Gravidarum


• Gallstones


• Constipation

Our Gastrointestinal tract, together with our liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, make up our digestive system. An extensive network of blood vessels supply blood to these organs and also transport nutrients away to other organs in the body. Nerves and hormones work together to regulate the functioning of the digestive system and bacteria that reside within our GI tract (called our gut flora or microbiome) play a role in digestion, immunity, and our overall health. A membranous sac called the peritoneum holds all the digestive system organs in place Symptoms of digestive disorders obviously vary from condition to condition and from person to person. However, some symptoms are common to most gastrointestinal problems. Common symptoms includes

• Abdominal discomfort (bloating, pain or cramps)


• Unintentional weight loss


• Vomiting and nausea


• Acid reflux (heartburn)


• Diarrhea, constipation (or sometimes both)


• Fecal incontinence


• Fatigue


• Loss of appetite


• Difficulty swallowing

Doctors treat celiac disease with a gluten-free diet. Gluten is a protein found naturally in wheat, barley, and rye that triggers a reaction if you have celiac disease. Symptoms greatly improve for most people with celiac disease who stick to a gluten-free diet. In recent years, grocery stores and restaurants have added many more gluten-free foods and products, making it easier to stay gluten free. Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. It is estimated to affect 1 in 100 people worldwide. Two and one-half million Americans are undiagnosed and are at risk for long-term health complications.

• Malnutrition


• Bone weakening


• Infertility and miscarriage


• Lactose intolerance


• Cancer


• Nervous system problems

Gastric stem cells represent an adult stem cell population residing in the stomach tissues with high proliferative potential, which enables efficient stomach epithelium regeneration and repair. Following the comprehensive investigation of intestinal stems cells, the identity of gastric stem cells is being explored. In comparison with intestinal stems cells, gastric stem cells share many properties, but they differ in fundamental aspects regarding location, molecular cell markers and their specific growth niches. The mucosa in all parts of the human stomach is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that has numerous tubular invaginations in its lamina  propria.

Stem cells are present inside different types of tissue. Scientists have found stem cells in tissues, including:

• The brain


• Bone marrow


• Blood and blood vessels


• Skeletal muscles


• Skin


• The liver 

Intense pancreatitis is an irritation in the pancreas which prompts the swelling of the pancreas, an organ found behind the stomach and close to the small digestive tract. The irritation happens abruptly and will bring about torment and swelling in the upper left half of your mid-region. The pancreas makes and appropriates insulin, compounds, and different hormones you should be sound and healthy.

• Acute pancreatitis


• Chronic pancreatitis


• Pancreatic


• Cystadenoma

Gastrointestinal disorders and diseases are at an all-time high. According to various studies, 1 in 4 people is suffering from at least one of the gastrointestinal infections at any given point in time. The gastrointestinal diseases require treatment and the pharmacological treatment are divided into 2 categories- the prescription drugs and Over the Counter (OTC) drugs. Gastrointestinal drugs are prescribed based on the diagnostic results yielded during the haematological or imaging tests. The most common diagnosis is done through endoscopy. The therapies are recommended based on gastrointestinal tract disorders, gastrointestinal tract walls disorders, gastrointestinal motility disorders, gastrointestinal cancers.

• Acute pancreatitis


• Chronic pancreatitis


• Pancreatic


• Cystadenoma

A liver hemangioma is a noncancerous (benevolent) mass in the liver. A liver hemangioma is comprised of a knot of veins. Different expressions for a liver hemangioma are hepatic hemangioma and huge hemangioma. Most instances of liver hemangiomas are found during a test or system for some other condition. Individuals who have a liver hemangioma once in a while experience signs and side effects and commonly needn't bother with treatment.  And in most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn't cause any signs or symptoms.

When a liver hemangioma causes signs and symptoms, they may include:

• Pain in the upper right abdomen


• Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food


• Nausea


• Vomiting

Hepatic (biliary) cystadenomas are uncommon multinodular cystic tumors of the liver that are gotten from the biliary epithelium and are transcendently situated in the correct hepatic flap. These tumors as a rule include the hepatic parenchyma (around 85% of cases) and infrequently the extrahepatic biliary tract. Hepatic cystic injuries were once thought to be moderately extraordinary; be that as it may, they are being determined all the more regularly to have the proceeded with headway and improved access of patients to cross-sectional imaging.

Two types of hepatic cystadenomas are described pathologically

• Mucinous


• Serous

Hepatocellular adenoma (also known as hepatic adenoma or hepadenoma) is a rare, benign liver tumor. It most commonly occurs in people with elevated systemic levels of estrogen, classically in women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptive medication. Hepatic adenoma is usually detected by imaging, typically an ultrasound or CT, as a hyper enhancing liver nodule. Given that several liver tumors appear similarly on these imaging modalities, a multi-phase contrast-enhanced imaging study such as CT or MRI may be used to provide more information.

You may not know you have a hepatic adenoma unless it ruptures. A ruptured hepatic adenoma is serious. It can cause

• sudden abdominal pain low blood pressure internal bleeding


• low blood pressure


• internal bleeding

Ceaseless liver harm from an assortment of makes driving scarring and liver disappointment. Hepatitis and interminable liquor misuse are visit causes. Liver harm brought about by cirrhosis can't be fixed, however further harm can be restricted.

At first patients may encounter exhaustion, shortcoming and weight reduction. During later stages, patients may create jaundice (yellowing of the skin), gastrointestinal dying, stomach growing and disarray. Medicines center around the fundamental reason. In cutting edge cases, a liver transplant might be required

Cirrhosis often has no signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive. When signs and symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Yellow discoloration in the skin and eyes (jaundice)


• Fluid accumulation in your abdomen (ascites)


• Spiderlike blood vessels on your skin


• Redness in the palms of the hands


• For women, absent or loss of periods not related to menopause

Liver imaging is essentially for exact diagnosing biliary tract issue and is basic for recognizing liver wounds or harm and patients with a speculated threat is significant in light of the fact that the liver is the normal site of metastatic spread and the individuals who are at the danger of creating hepatocellular carcinoma.AAngiography

• Angiography


• electronic Tomography


• Positron Emission Tomography


• Ultrasonography


• Attractive Resonance Imaging

Hepatitis alludes to a provocative state of the liver. It's ordinarily brought about by a viral disease, however there are other potential reasons for hepatitis. These incorporate immune system hepatitis and hepatitis that happens as an optional consequence of prescriptions, medications, poisons, and liquor. Immune system hepatitis is an infection that happens when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue. Your liver is situated in the correct upper region of your midsection. It performs numerous basic capacities that influence digestion all through your body, including: bile creation, which is basic to digestion, filtering of poisons from your body, excretion of bilirubin (a result of separated red platelets), cholesterol, hormones, and drugs, breakdown of starches, fats, and proteins, activation of catalysts, which are specific proteins fundamental to body functions, storage of glycogen (a type of sugar), minerals, and nutrients (A, D, E, and K),synthesis of blood proteins, for example, albumin, synthesis of thickening variables

• Hepatitis A


• Hepatitis B


• Hepatitis C


• Hepatitis D


• Hepatitis E

Nourishment can fill in as a fundamental piece of the consideration bundle for patients with liver dysfunction. Liver infections, for example, non-alcoholic greasy liver ailment (NAFLD) react well to dietary mediations and weight reduction procedures. This reversible infection frequently happens related to other metabolic issue, for example, diabetes and cardiovascular issues. At the point when a patient with NAFLD has down to earth directions on approaches to carry more wellbeing to their eating routine and way of life, better ailment the board is experienced.

• Weight


• Fat Intake


• Sugar Intake


• Protein Intake


• Physical Activity

Partial hepatectomy is surgery to remove part of the liver. Only people with good liver function who are healthy enough for surgery and who have a single tumor that has not grown into blood vessels can have this operation. Imaging tests, such as CT or MRI with angiography are done first to see if the cancer can be removed completely. Still, sometimes during surgery the cancer is found to be too large or has spread too far to be removed, and the surgery that has been planned cannot be done. Most patients with liver cancer in the United States also have cirrhosis.

• removal of part of the liver (liver resection or lobectomy)


• liver transplant