21^st World Congress on Advances in Gastroenterology and Hepatology October 21-22, 2019 Melbourne, Australia

The liver is the body’s largest internal organ  that sits on the right hand side of the belly. It is an essential organ that has many functions in the body, including making proteins and blood clotting factors, manufacturing triglycerides and cholesterol, glycogen synthesis and bile production. The liver filters the blood coming from the digestive tract and also detoxifies the chemicals and metabolizes the vitamins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates and drugs. The liver secrets the bile that ends up back in the intestine.

Blood detoxification and Purification

Bile production and Excretion

Metabolism of Fats, Proteins and Carbohydrates

Synthesis of Plasma Proteins

Gastric cancer is one of the most common human cancer types. In overall, cancer initiates when an error (mutation) occurs in a cell's DNA. The mutation grounds the cell to raise and split at a rapid rate and to continue living when a normal cell would die. The accumulating cancerous cells form a tumor that can invade nearby structures. And cancer cells can breakdown off from the tumor to feast throughout the body. Gastro esophageal cancer is associated with having gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) and, less strongly, with obesity and smoking. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, pursued by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The action depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the form of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere, these factors also determine the prognosis. Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its occurrence is increasing.

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The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine which produces juices that help break down food and hormones and help control blood sugar levels. The pancreas does two main things:

1. It releases powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid the digestion of food.
2. It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. These hormones help the body control how it uses food for energy.

Pancreatitis is a disease in which the pancreas converts inflamed. Pancreatic destruction happens when the digestive enzymes are triggered before they are released into the small intestine and initiate attacking the pancreas.

There are binary forms of pancreatitis

Acute

Chronic.

Idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (Dili) is a rare adverse druid reaction and it can lead to jaundice, liver failure, or even death. Antimicrobials and herbal and dietary supplements are among the most common therapeutic classes to cause DILI in the Western world. Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extra cellular proteins collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases.                                                                                                                                  

An inflammatory condition of the liver is Hepatitis. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection,there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include auto immune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. When your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue Autoimmune hepatitis occurs. Viral infections of the liver that are classified include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Taking a sample of tissue from your liver is an invasive procedure called liver biopsy which allows your doctor to determine how infection or inflammation has affected your liver. In the early treatment of autoimmune hepatitis  corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide, are extremely important.

Auto immune Hepatitis.

Viral hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis

 Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver characterized by diffuse or patchy necrosis. Auto immune hepatitis (AIH) is one exception. This type of liver disease occurs when your immune system attacks your liver cells. AIH is a chronic condition that can result in cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver. certain risk factors have been identified, including mainly a family history of AIH. Auto immune hepatitis likely results from a combination of auto immunity, environmental triggers, and a genetic predisposition. It occurs more frequently in females. Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and medications that suppress the immune system. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be needed. Ischemic hepatitis differs from other types of hepatitis. Which can have many causes, most commonly a virus (as in hepatitis A or B). However, in ischemic hepatitis, the liver is not inflamed. Rather, liver cell death occurs. The term hepatitis is used because technically, it refers to any disorder in which liver enzymes called amino transferase leak from damaged liver cells into the blood.

Liver is the most important  key player in your body's digestive system. Everything passes through it whatever  you eat or drink, including medicine. You need to treat it right  so that it can stay healthy and do its job. Eat healthy diet and get regular exercise so that you'll keep your weight under control, which helps in preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition that leads to cirrhosis. Watch out for certain medicines, Some Cholesterol drugs  which can occasionally have a side effect that causes liver problems. Alcoholic beverages can create many health problems and they can damage or destroy liver cells and scar your liver.

Hygiene 

Vaccination 

Diet and Exercise   

 Neuro-gastroenterology encircles the study of brain, the gut and their interactions in relevance to the consideration and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional gastro intestinal disorders. Neuro-gastroenterology is associated with the complex motility and sensory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions include: dysphagia related to ineffective esophageal motility, gastroesophageal reflux, gastroparesis, cyclic vomiting syndrome, Hirschsprung’s disease, intestinal pseudo-obstruction slow transit constipation and pelvic outlet disorders related to constipation.

An important aspect of the function of gastrointestinal tract system is immune reaction of the gastrointestinal tract to the external stimulus or the failure to respond. The current development in terms of research area is gastrointestinal disorders. The latest developments in organ transplantation of the gut and liver and  HIV infection of the gut, and the recently discovered disease H. pylori gastritis are the immune abnormalities in scientific progress in the area of gut immune system .

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used drugs and their widespread use is associated with increased gastro-intestinal toxic effects such as ulceration, hemorrhage, perforation and death. Using of Lansoprazole in the prophylaxis of acid aspiration during elective surgery is one the advance treatment in Digestive diseases.

Liver inflammation due to a viral infection is viral hepatitis. In acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic forms it may be present.

The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic virus hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses which can also cause liver inflammation includes cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and yellow fever. 52 cases of viral hepatitis caused by herpes simplex virus until 1997. To prevent or treat the most common types we have an opportunity. By vaccination Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but it is expensive.

Digestive cancers can have wide-ranging effects on our nutritional status, health and quality of life. It shows the symptoms of swelling, internal bleeding, acute pains, inability to digest, difficulty in swallowing or chronic constipation or acute diarrhea.

The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, pursued by biopsy of suspicious tissue and the treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere, these factors also determine the prognosis. Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing day by day.

 Gastrointestinal Pathology is sub discipline of surgical Pathology. It deals with the analysis and exposure of non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the liver and pancreas.

Though pathology diagnosis is a critical determinant of future cancer risk and screening interval, many of these diagnoses do not result in significant mortality or morbidity  for patients; thus, errors may be "masked" by the limited effect in the present context to the patient.

Gastrointestinal surgery is divided into lower GI surgery and upper GI surgery. Upper GI Surgery includes surgery for gastro-esophageal reflux, Gall bladder disease, Hernias, other benign esophageal and gastric disorders, other benign pancreatic and hepatobiliary disorders. Lower gastrointestinal surgery includes surgery of the small intestine and colorectal surgery.

Laparoscope is a fiber-optic gadget that transmits pictures from internal part of the body to a video screen when it is embedded in the stomach divider.

Gastrointestinal Radiology or GI Imaging employs a shape of the real-time x-ray called fluoroscopy.  A barium-based differentiate fabric to create pictures of the, throat, digestive tract, stomach and other parts of stomach related framework. It is secure, non-invasive, and may be habituated to profit precisely, analyze torment, corrosive reflux, blood in the stool & other side effects.

Gastrointestinal disorders include conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal fistulas, perianal abscesses, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer. Many of these can be prevented or minimized by, practicing good bowel habits, maintaining healthy lifestyle and submitting to cancer screening. GI disorders like functional bowel diseases are prone to American communities especially in women. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease (CD) and colitis are prominent, and some GI disorders can be controlled by medications and diet . Some of the major symptoms of GI disorders are Cramping, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, inflammation of the large and small intestine, rectal bleeding, and weight loss.

Gastrointestinal disorders include conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal fistulas, perianal abscesses, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer. Many of these can be prevented or minimized by, practicing good bowel habits, maintaining healthy lifestyle and submitting to cancer screening. GI disorders like functional bowel diseases are prone to American communities especially in women. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease (CD) and colitis are prominent, and some GI disorders can be controlled by medications and diet . Some of the major symptoms of GI disorders are Cramping, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, inflammation of the large and small intestine, rectal bleeding, and weight loss.